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This handbook desribes the UNIBUS bus. The copyright page explains how the book was produced via a brand new typesetting technique the place the textual content was entered and formatted on a DECsystem-10 and the copied to a DEC typesetting system on DECtape magnetic tapes.
The pdp-11/45 processor handbook from 1973, half quantity 67-00473-2743 JN-09-30. This handbook described the pdp-11/forty five instruction set and timings.
Here is the ahead from web page iii. Note how yellow the page is.
The PDP-11 is a family of upward appropriate laptop methods. We consider that these techniques signify a big departure from traditional methods of laptop design. The initial design step was the introduction of a completely new language, notation, and theory of evolution of computer systems referred to as the Instruction Set Processor (ISP). This language provides a concise and powerful generalized method for defining an abritrary computer system and its operation. Along with the event of ISP, a PDP-10 program was written for simulating the operation of any computer system on the idea of its ISP description. With the aid of ISP and the machine simulation program, benchmark comparison checks were run on a lot of potential computer designs. On this manner, it was possible to evaluate quite a lot of design choices and evaluate their options and benefits, without the time and expense of really constructing physical prototypes. Since the primary design goal of the PDP-11 was to optimize complete system efficiency, the interaction of software and hardware was fastidiously thought of at each step in the design course of. System programmers frequently evaluated the efficiency of the code which could be produced by the system software program, the benefit of coding a program, the pace real-time response, the facility and pace that could possibly be built right into a system govt, the benefit of system resource management, and numerous different potential software issues. The current PDP-11 Family is the result of this design effort. We believe that its normal objective register and UNIBUS group gives unparalleled energy and flexibility. This design is the premise for our persevering with dedication to additional PDP-11 product growth. Thus the PDP-11 Family is at once a new idea in pc systems, and a examined and tried system. The ultimate proof of this new design method has come from the big and quickly growing number of PDP-eleven customers all around the world. Kenneth H. Olsen President, Digital Equipment Corporation
The RSX-11M Mini-Reference for RSX-11M Version 4.1, part quantity AV-5570E-TC, first printed 1977, final revised 1983.
In RSX, applications had to have three letter names. (To save lots of house, DEC used an octal coding referred to as RAD-50 that packed three characters per 16-bit phrase utilizing a 40-place character set (A-Z and 0-9 plus punctuation)). This handbook had fundamental commands like Bad for finding bad blocks, BRU for making and restoring backups, CMP for comparing information, EDI for the road-oriented textual content editor, EDT for the standard editor (gnu-emacs nonetheless has edt-emulation-on to emulate this editor), FLX for converting between DOS-eleven and Files-11 volume formats, FMT for formatting a device, LBR for creating libraries, PIP for copying information, MCR and DCL for command line shells, and TKB for building duties (the RSX name for executables).
DEC working techniques specified information with the syntax quantity:[#,#]identify.ext;ver the place volume was a two letter identify plus a digit, name was at most 6 characters, ext was at most 3 characters, and ver was a version quantity. For example, a typical identify might be DR0:[30,12]FILE.TXT;10
EDT ran on both PDP-11’s and VAXen. After we swap to Unix, I hacked MicroEmacs to work like EDT on a keypad. My MicroEmacs source is at ftp://ftp.newspapersystems.com/pub/binaries/src/
PDP-11’s used 16-bit addressing, so packages might access at most sixty four KB. Most DEC operating techniques allowed separate instruction and knowledge area, which allowed sixty four KB of code and 64 KB of information. Later variations of RSX allowed supervisor mode libraries, which you can call like DLL’s. Each library may have 64 KB. We supported RSTS, so we could not use libraries. I do not suppose that we ever supported IAS, and we by no means supported RT (a single person actual time working system).
Our largest program was called ILP, the Interactive Layout Program. With a purpose to make it slot in sixty four KB, we had to overlay the code. An overlay would let the system store two modules of code at the identical location in reminiscence. While you known as a routine in an overlay, the run-time overlay loader would pull the module from the duty file on disk if wanted. (This in all probability explains why task files had to be contiguous on the disk to be executable). Unfortunately, when a subroutine returned, the loader could not test to see if the module being returned to was nonetheless in reminiscence. This allowed you to create the dreaded V-name: /–A X- \–B
If a routine in module X known as a routine in module A, after which if the routine in module A called a routine in module X that referred to as a routine in module B, after B returned to X, the system would not know to reload A into memory before returning from X again to A. The return from X would end up leaping into the center of B, which might normally cause the program to trap. ILP was about 1/four million traces of Fortran, and the overlay for ILP was 6 pages long with several co-trees. The overlay included a customized overlay of the fortran runtimes based mostly on one among DEC’s sample overlays. So as to reduce code space (and likewise to enhance performance in PDP-eleven programs without hardware floating level), my first work on ILP in 1984 was to transform all of the true numbers to scaled integers. The compiler did not have an integer-solely switch, and a few operators might generate real number math instructions as optimizations, so every time I compiled a subroutine, I made an meeting listing, and i wrote a program to scan the meeting code for actual number op codes. By the time of the ultimate PDP-eleven version of ILP, at any time when I added a brand new subroutine (and generally even after i made an current subroutine larger), shuffling the overlay to make the subroutine match would usually take so long as writing the subroutine itself did. Towards the top, I even acquired creative and made module loading stubs so I may create intentional V-calls with out causing traps. I was a happy camper the day we stopped supporting RSX, and i not wanted to take care of the overlay, although, for a few yr, I was nonetheless paranoid about writing code that might have trigger V-calls below the overlay. I did most of the development with on a PDP-11/seventy three operating RSX-11M V4.3 in 22-bit mode. The boot process loaded RT-eleven to load an 18-bit version of RSX to load the 22-bit model. Unfortunately, the first two times that I would attempt to make a tape after booting, the system would crash. This meant that the system had to be booted effectively 9 instances in order to write down a tape. The PDP-11/73 system cabinet was several instances larger than a Pc, possibly about 3 toes X 3 feet X 2 toes (1m X 1m X 0.6m), but DEC slapped a handle on every side so they could promote it as portable, although it took two sturdy people to maneuver it. The overlay for ILP pushed TKB, the linker, to its limits. DEC supplied three versions of the linker. FTB, the fast activity builder, was limited and we may by no means use it for real applications. TKB, the duty builder, took about forty five minutes to hyperlink ILP however generally ran out of memory. STB, the gradual job builder (and you need to remember the fact that if the traditional task builder took 45 minutes, calling the slow version gradual was an understatement) stored everything on disk and took about 10 hours to link ILP. We allotted a number of the PDP-11/73’s memory to a RAM disk to make the slow activity builder run quicker. RSX had a program referred to as RMD that confirmed a personality-graphic display of the system RAM across the display screen with the identify of the program in every block of memory. RMD crammed the same operate that a program like high does under unix. I used RMD so much to see what the system was doing. In RSX, in case you pressed after a command, the system would offer you another prompt. It was as if you had ended every command line with & on a unix system. Programs needed to make a special name to attach the terminal in the event that they wished to stop the system from displaying a new prompt. I used to convey our programs to their knees doing compiles, however I needed to be careful, as a result of Norm, our RSX skilled, would simply relax and tell me that regardless of how much of the system I consumed, he might all the time find a technique to eat greater than me, so I should not attempt to challenge him. If you happen to tried to run extra applications at a time than all fit in RAM without delay, the system would begin swapping (which we referred to as thrashing). RSX didn’t support digital reminiscence, so a whole program had to sit in reminiscence for it to run. More modern working systems like VMS and Unix use digital memory to load packages by pages and make far more environment friendly use of memory as a result of complete programs don’t should be in memory.
That Old-Time PDP by Gordon Booman (unofficial theme song of the RSX/IAS SIG, from page RSX/IAS-6 of the 4/25/89 IAS e-newsletter) http://www.poppyfields.internet/filks/00224.html http://www.travelnotes.de/california/silicon/oldpdp.htm To the tune of “That Old-Time Rock’n’Roll” by Bob Seger Just take that Pro down off the shelf. I’ll sit here and program it by myself. I really like that previous-time PDP. Refrain: I love that previous-time PDP. The kinda CPU that units you free. Instruction set certain seems good to me. I like that previous-time PDP. Don’t attempt to take me to ZK. I won’t make it, I will not last a day. 32 bits is twice what I want. I like that outdated-time PDP. Refrain Say I’m old fashioned, say I’m over the hill, say I’m out of contact, say what you will. Those new CPUs ain’t received the identical thrill, I love that previous-time PDP. Refrain You gotta steadiness complexity towards perform and quality. 32 bits is twice what I want. I love that previous-time PDP. Refrain
The mini-reference page for PIP, the Peripheral Interchange Program.
PIP made listing listings and copied information. For instance: PIP new.txt=previous.txt copied old.txt to new.txt. PIP new.tsk/CO=old.tsk copied a file and made it contiguous on the disk, which was required for executables. When the disk grew to become full, save hamster the linker wouldn’t be able to create contiguous executables and also you would need to find house by deleting files and then recopy the executable. PIP /FR confirmed the number of free blocks. PIP /LI displayed a directory itemizing. PIP *.*/PU purged previous versions of information. PIP file.txt;*/DE deleted all variations of a file.
Digital microcomputers and reminiscences information from 1982, part quantity EB-20912-20. The cover shows two PDP-11/23-PLUS systems and three Q-Bus cards. The system on the appropriate has two RL02 disk drives.
This book describes PDP-eleven systems and sections on hardware including the LSI-11/2, LSI-11/23, FALCON SBC-11/21, PDP-11/23-PLUS and the working methods RT-11, RSX-11M, RSX-11M-PLUS, RSTS/E, RSX-11S, and SIMRT. The PDP-11/03 used the LSI-11/2 processor, and the PDP-11/23 used the LSI-11/23 processor. LSI stands for big Scale Integration. LSI-eleven playing cards were introduced in 1975 and had been quad-height or 10″ X 8.5″ (26 cm X 22 cm). LSI-11/02 cards had been introduced in 1977 and had the same processor as LSI-eleven card except on a double-height or 5.2″ X 8.5″ (12 cm X 22 cm) card. LSI-11/23 playing cards had been launched in 1979 and had the identical form issue because the LSI-11/02 however used NMOS know-how to run 2.5 instances as quick (a 300 ns cycle time for a zippy 3.Three MHz clock charge). In 1981, DEC extended the LSI-11/23 to support an extended 22-bit addressing vary able to addressing four MB of RAM. The FALCON SBC-11/21 was launched in November, 1981, as DECs first single-board microcomputer. The PDP-11/23-PLUS was launched in November, 1981, and supplied in configurations with as much as a whole MB of RAM. The PDP-11 instruction set included 87 customary PDP-eleven directions 6 general objective registers (R0 to R7) and 2 special goal registers (Pc and SP) 12 addressing modes the EIS (prolonged instruction set), optionally available on the 11/2 but customary on the 11/23, with four instructions for signed multiplication and division and multiple shifting. optionally available microcoded floating point, KEV11 for the LSI-eleven and LSI-11/2 and KEF11 for the 11/23. non-obligatory FPF11 floating level processer for the 11/23. RT-11 was an actual time operating system that might run from floppy disks or a tough disk. DEC offered MicroPower/Pascal for it. RSX-11M was a hard-disk-primarily based, multi-user, multi-tasking working methods. RSX-11S was a limited reminiscence-resident model of RSX. RSTS/E, Resource Sharing Timesharing System/Extended, was a multi-consumer, multi-tasking working system that used Basic as its command language and had Ready as its immediate.
peripherals handbook (for PDP-11’s) from 1981, part number EB-20443-20.
This e-book describes the RX211, RL01/RL02, RK07, RM02/03, RM80, RP06, RM05 and RP07 disk drives, the TU58, TS11, TE16, TU77, and TU78 tape drives, the LXY11/21 line printers, and the the CMS11-K/CME11-K card readers.
microcomputer interfaces handbook, half number EB-20175-20/81 from 1981. This e book covers the hardware interface specs of varied cpu playing cards and peripherals. The cowl reveals a typical Q-Bus card.
pdp11 bus handbook, part number EB-17525-20/seventy nine 070-14-fifty five from 1979. This guide describes the UNIBUS and the LSI-11 bus.
pdp11 software program handbook, half quantity EB-18687-20/80 90-04-90 from 1980. This e-book lists the varied working systems, languages and packages that DEC offered for PDP-eleven programs. The cowl shows two VT-100 terminals in the middle, a printer on the left, and a PDP-11 system on the precise with two disk drives.
VT100 Series Video Display Terminal Complementary and Supporting Products Guide, part quantity VT100 EC-21754-75 from 1981. This eight-web page booklet had the entire choices that you might want to buy in your beloved vt100.
A part of page three of the VT100 Supporting Products Guide.
1) display screen filters (in gray, green, and amber), 2) a filter equipment (in grey, green, or bronze), 3) a tilt-swivel base, 4) a terminal stand, 5) a dust cover (heavy gauge vinyl, in charcoal brown only), 6) a catalog stand, 7) clean key caps, 8) a keypad overlay (we had a bunch of overlays for the EDT editor that some individuals known as keypad condoms, 9) a 300 baud acoustic coupler (what we now would call a dinosaur modem) ../modem300/modem300.html , 10) a 300/1200 baud modem, 11) an accessory cable, 12) the interface option (to add a printer port), 13) the VT100 superior video choice (I feel to add decrease case), 14) an interface cable (because of the connector conspiracy, the main port and printer port had completely different wiring, 15) an anti-static DECmat flooring mat (in driftwood, silver birch, or autumn bronze), 16) a terminal table, 17) a work station, 18) a media mate (i.e. a cart with drawers for 8″ floppy disks), 19) varied technical manuals, 20) maintenance prints, 21) a spare parts package (again in the days when you might repair hardware with a screw driver), 22) unfastened piece spares (i.e. further screws to replace the ones that you misplaced whereas utilizing the spare components kit), 23) and numerous instruments and testers.
Continue with PDP-eleven Unix manuals at ../manuals/manuals.html.
PDP Lineage lineage.html
Joe Smith’s PDP-10 page http://www.inwap.com/pdp10 I used a DEC-20 working TOPS-20 while I used to be at Lehigh University http://www.lehigh.edu .
nocrew’s PDP-10 stuff http://pdp10.nocrew.org/
Uppsala University Computer Club PDP-eight and PDP-eleven files ftp://ftp.replace.uu.se/pub/
PiDP-8/I, Remaking the PDP-8/I using the Pi http://hackaday.io/undertaking/4434-pidp-8i
The Trailing-Edge PDP-10 and PDP-eleven software archives http://www.trailing-edge.com .
The pc History Simulation Project http://simh.trailing-edge.com/ has a free simulator that helps varied PDP and VAX machines.
FPGA to emulate a PDP-eleven https://pdp2011.sytse.internet/wordpress/
Javascript PDP-eleven emulator operating V6 unix http://pdp11.aiju.de/
The OpenVMS Hobbyist http://www.openvmshobbyist.com/ can present free OpenVMS licenses.
A PDP-11 web page http://www.telnet.hu/hamster/pdp-eleven
A PDP-11 FAQ page with lists of PDP-eleven models and operating systems http://www.village.org/pdp11/faq.html
The PDP-eleven Pages at PARSE.COM http://www.parse.com/~museum/pdp11/index.html
PDP-11 DECUS Software Index https://www.ibiblio.org/pub/tutorial/pc-science/historical past/pdp-11/decus/index.html
Columbia University Computing Timeline http://www.columbia.edu/acis/historical past
Reinhard Heuberger’s PDP-11 site http://www.youtube.com/user/PDP11GY
RSX-eleven and PDP-eleven Consulting, Software and Services http://www.miim.com/
The RSX Multi-Tasker http://www.miim.com/paperwork/mtasker/iindex.html
RSX-11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSX-eleven
Old Computers http://oldcomputers.internet/
ELVIRA RSTS VM http://elvira.stacken.kth.se/pdp11/
A quick tour of the PDP-11, essentially the most influential minicomputer of all time https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/03/a-transient-tour-of-the-pdp-11-the-most-influential-minicomputer-of-all-time/
Rhode Island Computer Museum https://www.ricomputermuseum.org/ Large Systems Collection https://www.ricomputermuseum.org/collections-gallery/tools
Large Scale Systems Museum https://www.mact.io/
ACMS Retro Computer Group photo albums https://www.facebook.com/teams/522149334818014/
IN Pictures: Where old computer systems find their closing resting place https://www.goodgearguide.com.au/slideshow/268510/pictures-tech-yesteryear-where-outdated-computers-discover-their-remaining-resting-place/
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